Method for treating a patient at risk for developing an nsaid-associated ulcer

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure is directed to a method for treating a disease or disorder in a patient at risk of developing an NSAID-associated ulcer by administering to said patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form comprising naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said at risk patient and thereby decreasing the patient&#39;s risk of developing an ulcer.

This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/822,612, filed Jun. 24, 2010, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/220,420 filed Jun. 25, 2009, 61/225,970 filed Jul. 16, 2009, and 61/310,525 filed Mar. 4, 2010. The entire contents of the above-referenced disclosures are specifically incorporated herein by reference.

The present disclosure is directed to a method for treating a disease or disorder in a patient at risk of developing an NSAID-associated ulcer by administering to said patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form comprising naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said at risk patient and thereby decreasing the patient's risk of developing an ulcer.

Over 15 million Americans take NSAIDs each day to treat pain and/or inflammation. While NSAIDs remain a key therapy for pain and inflammation, there is a substantial risk of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) ulcerations and ulcer complications, such as, for example, bleedings and perforations, with chronic NSAID therapy. The cumulative incidence of gastroduodenal ulcers (GDUs) with conventional NSAID use has been reported to be as high as 25-30% at 3 months and 45% at 6 months versus 3-7% for placebo. At any given time, the incidence of UGI ulcers in NSAID users has been estimated to be as high as 30%. The risk factors associated with an NSAID user developing UGI ulcers include: age ≧50 years, history of UGI ulcer or bleeding, or concomitant aspirin use. The mechanism associated with the increased incidence of ulcers in chronic NSAID users may be complex but it is thought that gastric acid, combined with a reduction in protective mechanisms of the UGI mucosa, contribute to this pathology. UGI mucosal injury includes petechia, erosions and ulcers. In addition, once mucosal injury occurs, acid has the ability to impair normal hemostasis and healing. These factors, coupled with the known anti-platelet effect of some NSAIDs, may increase the risk for gastrointestinal (GI) injury and bleeding. UGI effects of NSAIDs also include: dyspepsia (experienced by up to 40% of patients on NSAID therapy), erosive esophagitis (EE) (experienced by 21% of regular NSAID users), and an increase in gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms. Additionally, the concurrent use of aspirin and an NSAID increases the risk of serious GI events.

A pharmaceutical formulation comprising immediate release (IR) esomeprazole magnesium and enteric-coated (EC) naproxen has been found to reduce the incidence of ulcers in patients at risk for developing NSAID-associated ulcers when compared to EC-naproxen. Such a formulation has also been found to reduce the incidence of ulcers in patients taking low dose aspirin (LDA) who are at risk for developing NSAID-associated ulcers when compared to EC-naproxen. Furthermore, patients taking this new formulation of IR esomeprazole and EC-naproxen were able to continue treatment longer than patients taking EC-naproxen.

In one aspect, the disclosure is directed to a method comprising: treating a disease or disorder in a patient at risk of developing an NSAID-associated ulcer by administering to said patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form comprising (a) esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an amount sufficient to raise the gastric pH of said patient to at least 3.5 upon administration of one or more of said unit dose forms, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein said unit dose form provides for coordinated release of the esomeprazole and the naproxen such that: (i) at least a portion of said esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is released independent of the pH of the surrounding medium; and (ii) the naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is not released from said unit dose form until the pH of the surrounding medium is 3.5 or higher; and wherein said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form decreases the risk of said patient developing an ulcer.

In another aspect, the disclosure is directed to a method of treating a disease or disorder in a patient at risk of developing an NSAID-associated ulcer by administering to the patient a pharmaceutical composition in unit dosage form suitable for oral administration comprising: (a) esomeprazole or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that is immediately soluble when the dosage form is placed in an aqueous medium, independent of pH, in an amount effective to raise the gastric pH of the patient to at least 3.5 upon administration of one or more of the unit dosage forms, and (b) naproxen or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the naproxen or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is surrounded by a coating that is substantially insoluble in an aqueous medium at a pH below 3.5 and at a temperature of about 37° C.; and wherein said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form decreases the risk of said patient developing an ulcer.

In yet another aspect, the risk of NSAID-associated gastrointestinal ulcer in a patient may be associated with chronic NSAID treatment, age of the patient (for example if the patient is 50 years of age or older), the administration of aspirin prior to or during NSAID treatment (short-term or chronic treatment), or any combination thereof.

In still another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form disclosed herein decreases the risk of said patient developing a gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer (DU), gastroduodenal ulcer, or combinations thereof.

In yet another aspect, the disease or disorder may be, for example, pain, inflammation, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, or any combination thereof.

In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form disclosed herein is administered to said patient every day, for example twice a day. In further aspects, the pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form disclosed herein is administered to said patient for at least about 1 month, at least about 2 months, at least about 3 months, at least about 4 months, at least about 5 months, at least about 6 months, at least about 7 months, at least about 8 months, at least about 9 months, at least about 10 months, at least about 11 months, at least about 12 months, at least about 18 months, or at least about 24 months, for example twice a day.

In a further aspect, the pharmaceutical compositions in unit dosage form disclosed herein may comprise esomeprazole or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount effective to raise the pH of the gastric fluid of a patient to at least 3.5, at least 4.0, at least 4.5, at least 5.0, or at least 5.5 when the dosage form is administered orally to said patient. The esomeprazole or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be present in the unit dosage form in an amount of from about 10 mg to about 50 mg, or in an amount of about 20 mg. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions in unit dosage form disclosed herein may comprise naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an amount of, for example, from about 200 mg to about 600 mg, about 375 mg, or about 500 mg.

In a still further aspect, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration to a patient once daily or twice daily. In certain embodiments, the unit dosage form may be a tablet, a sequential-delivery tablet formulation, a capsule, a capsule containing beads, or minitablets. In one aspect, the unit dosage form is a tablet comprising a core and two or more layers, in which (i) the naproxen or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is in the core; (ii) a first layer surrounds the core and said layer is a coating that is substantially insoluble in aqueous medium at a pH below 3.5 and/or at a temperature of about 37° C.; and (iii) at least one second layer that surround the first layer and comprises esomeprazole or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the first layer may be, for example, an enteric coating or a time-release coating. In other embodiments, the unit dosage form may be surrounded by a pharmacologically inert, water soluble coating or film.

In yet still a further aspect, administering a unit dosage form disclosed herein to a patient in need thereof reduces the risk said patient will develop an ulcer more than if said patient were administered an enteric coated naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another embodiment, the administration of the unit dosage form disclosed herein improves compliance in a patient who requires short-term or chronic daily dosages of an NSAID, such as, for example, naproxen or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another aspect, the unit dosage form is a multilayer tablet comprising a core and at least a first layer enclosing the core, and a second layer enclosing the first layer, wherein: (i) the core comprises naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (ii) the first layer is a coating that releases less than 10% of the naproxen after 2 hours when tested using the USP Paddle Method in 1000 ml of 0.1N HCl at 75 rpm at 37° C.+−0.5° C.; and (iii) the second layer comprises esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one excipient, wherein the second layer is at least 95% soluble after 30 minutes when tested using the USP Paddle Method in 1000 ml of 0.1N HCl for two hours at 75 rpm at 37° C.+−0.5° C. The unit dosage form may further have a pharmacologically inert, water soluble coating or film surrounding the outermost layer of the unit dosage form, for example wherein the inert coating or film comprises a water soluble sugar.

In a further aspect, administering a unit dosage form disclosed herein to a patient in need thereof reduces said patient's heartburn associated symptoms more than treating said patient in need thereof with enteric coated naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Yet a further aspect is directed to a method of treating a disease or disorder in a patient at risk of developing an NSAID-associated ulcer by administering to the patient a pharmaceutical composition in unit dosage form suitable for oral administration comprising: (a) esomeprazole or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that is immediately soluble when the dosage form is placed in an aqueous medium, independent of pH, in an amount effective to raise the gastric pH of the patient to at least 3.5, at least 4.0, at least 4.5, at least 5.0, or at least 5.5 upon administration of one or more of the unit dosage forms, and (b) naproxen or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the naproxen or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is surrounded by a coating that is substantially insoluble in an aqueous medium at a pH below 3.5 and at a temperature of about 37° C.; wherein the pharmaceutical composition reduces said patient's dyspepsia associated symptoms. In certain embodiments, administering a unit dosage form disclosed herein to a patient in need thereof reduces said patient's dyspepsia associated symptoms more than treating said patient with enteric coated naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Abbreviations and/or special terms that may be used herein are set forth in Table 1 and the text that follows.

The definitions set forth herein take precedence over definitions set forth in any patent, patent application, and/or patent application publication incorporated herein by reference.

TABLE 1 Abbreviations and Special Terms Abbreviation Explanation AE adverse event ALT alanine aminotransferase ANCOVA analysis of covariance AST aspartate aminotransferase bid twice daily BUN Blood urea nitrogen CI confidence interval CMH Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel COX-2 cyclo-oxygenase-2 ECG electrocardiogram eCRF electronic case report form GCP Good Clinical Practice GERD Gastroesophageal reflux disease GI gastrointestinal IRB institutional review board ITT intent-to-treat LSM least squares mean MedDRA Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities OTE-DP Overall Treatment Evaluation—Dyspepsia PDS Phoenix Data Systems PP per-protocol PRO patient reported outcomes AE adverse event ALT alanine aminotransferase SAE serious adverse event SD standard deviation SOC system organ class SODA Severity of Dyspepsia Assessment UGI upper gastrointestinal

The term “at risk patient” refers to patient(s) at risk for NSAID associated ulcer due to age ≧50 years, history of UGI ulcer or bleeding, and/or concomitant aspirin use. In one embodiment, the at risk patient is a patient at risk for NSAID associated ulcer due to age greater than or equal to 50 years. In another embodiment, the at risk patient is a patient at risk for NSAID associated ulcer due to concomitant aspirin use. In yet another embodiment, the at risk patient is a patient at risk for NSAID associated ulcer due to history of UGI ulcer or bleeding.

The term “enantiomerically pure” refers to a compound containing at least about 75% of the named enantiomer out of the total amount of the two possible enantiomers contained therein. In a particular embodiment, “enantiomerically pure” refers to a compound containing at least about 90% of the named enantiomer out of the total amount of the two possible enantiomers contained therein. In a more particular embodiment, “enantiomerically pure” refers to a compound containing at least about 95% of the named enantiomer out the total amount of the two possible enantiomers contained therein. In still a more particular embodiment, “enantiomerically pure” refers to a compound containing at least about 96% of the named enantiomer out the total amount of the two possible enantiomers contained therein. In still a further embodiment, “enantiomerically pure” refers to a compound containing at least about 97% of the named enantiomer out the total amount of the two possible enantiomers contained therein. In yet still a further embodiment, “enantiomerically pure” refers to a compound containing at least about 98% of the named enantiomer out the total amount of the two possible enantiomers contained therein. In yet a still even further embodiment, “enantiomerically pure” refers to a compound containing at least about 99% of the named enantiomer out the total amount of the two possible enantiomers contained therein. In another embodiment, “enantiomerically pure” refers to a compound containing at least about 99.9% of the named enantiomer out the total amount of the two possible enantiomers contained therein.

The term “low dose aspirin” refers to dosages of aspirin that are ≦325 mg. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable”, as employed herein, indicates the subject matter being identified as “pharmaceutically acceptable” is suitable and physiologically acceptable for administration to a patient/subject. For example, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s)” denotes suitable and physiologically acceptable salt(s).

The phrase “naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof refers to the free base of naproxen, pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) of naproxen, and/or mixtures of the free base of naproxen and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of naproxen.

The phrase “esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof refers to the free base of esomeprazole, pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) of esomeprazole, and/or mixtures of the free base of esomeprazole and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of esomeprazole.

The term “unit dosage form” (or “unit dose form”) as used herein refers to a single entity for drug administration. For example, a single tablet or capsule containing both esomeprazole and naproxen is a unit dosage form. Unit dosage forms of the present disclosure provide for sequential drug release in a way that elevates gastric pH and reduces the deleterious effects of naproxen on the gastroduodenal mucosa, e.g., the esomeprazole is released first and the release of naproxen is delayed until after the pH in the GI tract has risen to 3.5 or greater. A “unit dosage form” (or “unit dose form”) may also be referred to as a “fixed dosage form” (or “fixed dose form”) or fixed dosage combination (or “fixed dose combination”) and are otherwise interchangeable.

With regard to the dosages of each of naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and/or esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof the term “about” is intended to reflect variations from the specifically identified dosages that are acceptable within the art.

With regard to the pH values and/or ranges recited herein, the term “about” is intended to capture variations above and below the stated number that may achieve substantially the same results as the stated number.

With regard to the term numerical values used in conjunction with the phrase “substantially free”, the term is intended to capture variations above and below the stated number that may achieve substantially the same results as the stated number.

The phrase “substantially free” means from about 95% to about 99.99% free. In one embodiment, substantially free means about 95% free. In another embodiment, the term substantially free means about 96% free. In still another embodiment, the term substantially free means about 97% free. In yet another embodiment, the term substantially free means about 98% free. In a further embodiment, the term substantially free means about 99% free. In still a further embodiment, the term substantially free means about 99.99% free.

In the present disclosure, each of the variously stated ranges is intended to be continuous so as to include each numerical parameter between the stated minimum and maximum value of each range. For Example, a range of about 1 to about 4 includes about 1, 1, about 2, 2, about 3, 3, about 4, and 4.

One embodiment is directed to a method comprising: treating a disease or disorder in a patient at risk of developing an NSAID-associated ulcer by administering to said patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form comprising (a) esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an amount sufficient to raise the gastric pH of said patient to at least 3.5 upon administration of one or more of said unit dose forms, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein said unit dose form provides for coordinated release of the esomeprazole and the naproxen such that: (i) at least a portion of said esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is released independent of the pH of the surrounding medium; and (ii) the naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is not released from said unit dose form until the pH of the surrounding medium is 3.5 or higher; and wherein said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form decreases the risk of said patient developing an ulcer. Such pharmaceutical compositions have been described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,926,907, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Another embodiment is directed to a method comprising: treating a disease or disorder in a patient in need of chronic NSAID treatment and at risk of developing an NSAID-associated ulcer by administering to said patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form comprising (a) esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an amount sufficient to raise the gastric pH of said patient to at least 3.5 upon administration of one or more of said unit dose forms, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein said unit dose form provides for coordinated release of the esomeprazole and the naproxen such that: (i) at least a portion of said esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is released independent of the pH of the surrounding medium; and (ii) the naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is not released from said unit dose form until the pH of the surrounding medium is 3.5 or higher; and wherein said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form decreases the risk of said patient developing an ulcer.

Still another embodiment, is directed to a method comprising: treating signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis in a patient at risk of developing an NSAID-associated ulcer by administering to said patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form comprising (a) esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an amount sufficient to raise the gastric pH of said patient to at least 3.5 upon administration of one or more of said unit dose forms, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein said unit dose form provides for coordinated release of the esomeprazole and the naproxen such that: (i) at least a portion of said esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is released independent of the pH of the surrounding medium; and (ii) the naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is not released from said unit dose form until the pH of the surrounding medium is 3.5 or higher; and wherein said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form decreases the risk of said patient developing an ulcer.

Still yet another embodiment is directed to a method comprising: treating signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis in a patient in need of chronic NSAID treatment and at risk of developing an NSAID-associated ulcer by administering to said patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form comprising (a) esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an amount sufficient to raise the gastric pH of said patient to at least 3.5 upon administration of one or more of said unit dose forms, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein said unit dose form provides for coordinated release of the esomeprazole and the naproxen such that: (i) at least a portion of said esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is released independent of the pH of the surrounding medium; and (ii) the naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is not released from said unit dose form until the pH of the surrounding medium is 3.5 or higher; and wherein said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form decreases the risk of said patient developing an ulcer.

In a further embodiment, said disease or disorder treated by the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein is selected from pain and inflammation.

In yet another embodiment, said disease or disorder treated by the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein is selected from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and a combination thereof.

In yet a further embodiment, said patient at risk of developing an NSAID associated ulcer is ≧50 years old.

In still yet another embodiment, said patient at risk of developing an NSAID associated ulcer has a history of UGI ulcer or bleeding.

In still even yet another embodiment, said patient is taking low dose aspirin.

In a still even further embodiment, said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form decreases the risk of said patient developing a gastroduodenal ulcer.

In yet a further embodiment, said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form decreases the risk of said patient developing a duodenal ulcer.

In a further embodiment, said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form decreases the risk of said patient developing a gastric ulcer.

In yet another embodiment, administering said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form to patients in need of NSAID treatment resulted in fewer patients developing a gastric ulcer than patients in need of NSAID treatment who were administered EC-naproxen.

In another embodiment, administering said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form to patients in need of NSAID treatment resulted in from about 1% to about 12% of said patients developing a gastric ulcer.

In still another embodiment, administering EC-naproxen to patients in need of NSAID treatment resulted in from about 17% to about 31% of said patients developing a gastric ulcer.

In yet another embodiment, administering said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form to patients in need of NSAID treatment resulted in fewer patients developing a duodenal ulcer than patients in need of NSAID treatment who were administered EC-naproxen.

In another embodiment, administering said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form to patients in need of NSAID treatment resulted in from about 0% to about 2% of said patients developing a duodenal ulcer.

In still another embodiment, administering EC-naproxen to patients in need of NSAID treatment resulted in from about 3.5% to about 8% of said patients developing a duodenal ulcer.

In yet another embodiment, administering said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form and low dose aspirin to patients in need of NSAID treatment resulted in fewer patients developing a gastric ulcer than patients administered EC-naproxen and low dose aspirin.

In another embodiment, administering said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form and low dose aspirin to patients in need of NSAID treatment resulted in from about 0% to about 9% of said patients developing a gastric ulcer.

In still another embodiment, administering EC-naproxen and low dose aspirin to patients in need of NSAID treatment resulted in from about 20% to about 38% of said patients developing a gastric ulcer.

In yet another embodiment, administering said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form and low dose aspirin to patients in need of NSAID treatment resulted in fewer patients developing a gastroduodenal ulcer than patients administered EC-naproxen and low dose aspirin.

In another embodiment, administering said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form and low dose aspirin to patients in need of NSAID treatment resulted in from about 1.0% to about 10% of said patients developing a gastroduodenal ulcer.

In still another embodiment, administering EC-naproxen and low dose aspirin to patients in need of NSAID treatment resulted in from about 23% to about 42% of said patients developing a gastroduodenal ulcer.

In a yet still further embodiment, said patient was treated longer with said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form than with EC-naproxen.

In yet another embodiment, patient compliance with long-term treatment is improved with the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein as compared to EC-naproxen.

In a yet even further embodiment, said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form is a multilayer tablet comprising at least one core and at least a first layer and a second layer, wherein:

-   (i) said core comprises naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable     salt thereof; -   (ii) said first layer is a coating that at least begins to release     the naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, when the     pH of the surrounding medium is about 3.5 or greater; and -   (iii) said second layer is esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically     acceptable salt thereof, wherein said esomeprazole, or     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is released at a pH of     from about 0 or greater.

In a further embodiment, said esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is released from said multilayer tablet at a pH of from about 1 or greater.

In a yet further embodiment, said esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is released from said multilayer tablet at a pH of from about 0 to about 2.

In yet still a further embodiment, esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is released at a pH of from 0 to 2.

In a still further embodiment, at least a portion of said esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, contained in said multilayer tablet is not coated with an enteric coating.

In a yet still further embodiment, said first layer of said multilayer tablet is an enteric coating.

In a yet even still further embodiment, said multi-layer tablet is substantially free of sodium bicarbonate.

In another embodiment, the first layer is a coating that at least begins to release the naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, when the pH of the surrounding medium is about 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 or greater.

In a further embodiment, said first layer of said multi-layer tablet begins to release the naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, when the pH of the surrounding medium is at about 4.0 or greater.

In a yet still even further embodiment, said first layer of said multi-layer tablet begins to release the naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, when the pH of the surrounding medium is at about 4.5 or greater.

In yet a further embodiment, said first layer of said multi-layer tablet begins to release the naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, when the pH of the surrounding medium is at about 5.0 or greater.

In a still even further embodiment, the amount of esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, sufficient to raise the gastric pH is 20 mg.

In another embodiment, the esomeprazole is enantiomerically pure.

In still yet another embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is selected from 375 mg and 500 mg.

In a still yet further embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is 375 mg.

In an even still further embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is 500 mg.

In another embodiment, naproxen can be present as the free base.

In yet another embodiment, naproxen can be present in equivalent amounts of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of naproxen, e.g., sodium naproxen.

In a further embodiment, esomeprazole can be present as a magnesium salt.

In a further embodiment, esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can be present in an amount to provide about 15 mg of esomeprazole.

In still yet another embodiment, esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can be present in an amount to provide about 30 mg of esomeprazole.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form comprises about 500 mg of said naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and about 20 mg of said esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form comprises about 500 mg of said naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and about 30 mg of said esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form comprises about 500 mg of said naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and about 15 mg of said esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In still another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form comprises about 375 mg of said naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and about 15 mg of said esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In still yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form comprises about 375 mg of said naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and about 20 mg of said esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a further embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form comprises about 375 mg of said naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and about 30 mg of said esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In certain embodiments, the unit dosage form of the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may comprise esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carnauba wax, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, iron oxide yellow, glyceryl monostearate, hypromellose, iron oxide black, magnesium stearate, methacrylic acid copolymer dispersion, methylparaben, polysorbate 80, polydextrose, polyethylene glycol, povidone, propylene glycol, propylparaben, titanium dioxide, and triethyl citrate.

In an even further embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form is a multilayer tablet comprising a core comprising naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a first layer comprising a coating that at least begins releasing the naproxen when the pH of the surrounding medium is about 3.5 or greater and a second layer comprising esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein at least a portion of said esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is not surrounded by an enteric coating.

In one embodiment, at least about 95% of the esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is not surrounded by an enteric coating.

In another embodiment, at least about 99% of the esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is not surrounded by an enteric coating. In yet another embodiment, at least about 99.5% of the esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is not surrounded by an enteric coating.

In yet another embodiment, the multilayer tablet is substantially free of sodium bicarbonate.

In still another embodiment, the multilayer tablet is completely (i.e., 100%) free of sodium bicarbonate.

In one embodiment, the dosing regimen of the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein is twice a day.

In another embodiment, the doses can be separated by a period of at least about 10 hours.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form is given before a patient ingests a meal, for example about 30-60 minutes prior to ingesting a meal.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be administered therapeutically to patients either short term or over a longer period of time, for example chronically.

In yet another embodiment, fewer patients in need of NSAID treatment discontinued treatment with said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form than discontinued EC-naproxen.

In still another embodiment, at least one upper gastrointestinal adverse event led from about 1% to about 9% of said patients in need of NSAID treatment to discontinue treatment with said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form.

In yet still another embodiment, at least one upper gastrointestinal adverse event led from about 8% to about 17% of said patients in need of NSAID treatment to discontinue treatment with EC-naproxen.

In a still further embodiment, at least one upper gastrointestinal adverse event led from about 1% to about 9% of said patients in need of NSAID treatment to discontinue treatment with said pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form versus from about 8% to about 17% of said patients in need of NSAID treatment to discontinue treatment with EC-naproxen.

In yet another embodiment, a patient is ≧60 years of age and administration of the unit dose form to the patient results in an 70 to 100% relative risk reduction of the patient developing a gastric ulcer than a patient ≧60 years of age who is treated with enteric coated naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In still yet another embodiment, a patient is ≧60 years of age and administration of the unit dose form to the patient results in an 89.2% relative risk reduction of the patient developing a gastric ulcer than a patient ≧60 years of age who is treated with enteric coated naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a further embodiment, a patient is 60-69 years of age and administration of the unit dose form to the patient results in an 86.4% relative risk reduction of the patient developing a gastric ulcer than a patient 60-69 years of age who is treated with enteric coated naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In an even further embodiment, a patient is ≧70 years of age and administration of the unit dose form to the patient results in a 100% relative risk reduction of the patient developing a gastric ulcer than a patient ≧70 years of age who is treated with enteric coated naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, for example, tablets and capsules that can be made in accordance with methods that are standard in the art (see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16^(th) ed., A Oslo editor, Easton, Pa. (1980)).

Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to: water; salt solutions; alcohols; gum arabic; vegetable oils; benzyl alcohols; polyethylene glycols; gelatin; carbohydrates such as lactose, amylose or starch; magnesium stearate; talc; silicic acid; paraffin; perfume oil; fatty acid esters; hydroxymethylcellulose; polyvinyl pyrrolidone; carnauba wax; colloidal silicon dioxide; croscarmellose sodium; glyceryl monostearate; hypromellose; methacrylic acid copolymer dispersion; methylparaben; polysorbate 80; polydextrose; povidone; propylene glycol; propylparaben; titanium dioxide; and triethyl citrate.

The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with, for example, auxiliary agents, such as, for example, preservatives; stabilizers; buffers; coloring agents; and flavoring agents.

In one embodiment, at least one of the layers comprising the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be applied using standard coating techniques. The layer materials may be dissolved or dispersed in organic or aqueous solvents. The layer materials may include, but are not limited to, for example, one or more of the following materials: methacrylic acid copolymers, shellac, hydroxypropylmethcellulose phthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose trimellitate, carboxymethylethyl-cellulose, cellulose acetate phthalate, and/or other suitable polymer(s). The pH at which the first layer dissolves can be controlled by the polymer or combination of polymers selected and/or ratio of pendant groups. For example, dissolution characteristics of the polymer film can be altered by the ratio of free carboxyl groups to ester groups. The layers may also contain pharmaceutically acceptable plasticizers, such as, for example, triethyl citrate, dibutyl phthalate, triacetin, polyethylene glycols, polysorbates or other plasticizers. Additives, such as, for example, dispersants, colorants, anti-adhering, and anti-foaming agents may also be used.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can be in the form of a bi- or multi-layer tablet. In a bi-layer tablet, one portion/layer of the tablet contains the esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the required dose along with appropriate excipients, agents to aid dissolution, lubricants, fillers, etc.; and a second portion/layer of the tablet contains the NSAID in the required dose along with other excipients, dissolution agents, lubricants, fillers, etc.

In another embodiment, the naproxen portion/layer is surrounded by a polymeric coating that dissolves at a pH of at least about 3.5 or greater.

In yet another embodiment, the naproxen portion/layer is surrounded by a polymeric coating that dissolves at a pH of at least about 4 or greater.

The naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be granulated by methods such as slugging, low- or high-shear granulation, wet granulation, or fluidized-bed granulation. Of these processes, slugging generally produces tablets of less hardness and greater friability. Low-shear granulation, high-shear granulation, wet granulation and fluidized-bed granulation generally produce harder, less friable tablets.

EXAMPLE(S)

The invention is further defined in the following Example(s). It should be understood the Example(s) are given by way of illustration only. From the above discussion and the Example(s), one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of the invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications to adapt the invention to various uses and conditions. As a result, the invention is not limited by the illustrative example(s) set forth hereinbelow, but rather defined by the claims appended hereto.

Example 1 A 6-Month, Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Controlled, Multi-Center Study to Evaluate the Incidence of Gastric Ulcers (GUs) Following Administration of Either PN400, which is a single-tablet formulation designed to provide sequential delivery of immediate-release (IR) esomeprazole (20 mg) and enteric-coated (EC) naproxen (500 mg), or EC-Naproxen (500 mg) Alone in Subjects Who are at Risk for Developing NSAID-Associated Ulcers Methodology:

Two randomized, 6 month, Phase 3, double-blind, parallel group, controlled, multicenter studies (hereinafter known as Study A and Study B) enrolled H. pylori-negative male or non-pregnant, non-breastfeeding female subjects with osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis or other medical condition(s) expected to require daily NSAID therapy for at least 6 months, who were either (i) 18-49 years of age and had a history of a documented, uncomplicated gastric or duodenal ulcer (a mucosal break of at least 3 mm in diameter with depth, without any concurrent bleeding, clot or perforation) within the past 5 years, OR (ii) 50 years of age and older (these subjects did not require a history of a documented, uncomplicated gastric or duodenal ulcer within the past 5 years.).

Eligible subjects were randomized 1:1 to receive either PN400 (EC-naproxen 500 mg/immediate-release esomeprazole 20 mg) twice daily (bid) (one dose 30-60 minutes before breakfast or first meal of the day and the other dose 30-60 minutes before dinner) or EC-naproxen 500 mg bid (one dose 30-60 minutes before breakfast or first meal of the day and the other dose 30-60 minutes before dinner), stratified by low-dose aspirin (LDA) use (Yes/No) at randomization for 6 months or until gastroduodenal ulcer (GDU) was confirmed by endoscopy. The Primary endpoint was the incidence of gastric ulcer (GU) (≧3 mm diameter with depth) as determined by endoscopy at 1, 3 and 6 mos. A post-hoc pooled analysis of GU incidence in the 20-25% of patients using LDA was conducted. The incidence of endoscopic duodenal ulcer (DU), pre-specified NSAID-associated upper gastro intestinal adverse events (UGI AEs), and safety were secondary endpoints. This study consisted of a Screening Visit, a washout period for disallowed medications of 14 days, a second Screening/Baseline Endoscopy Visit and up to 4 outpatient visits over a 6-month period, or until GUs or DUs were confirmed by endoscopy. If a GU, DU or esophageal ulcer was detected, study drug was discontinued and the subject was discontinued from the study and placed on appropriate medication to treat the ulcer. A subject was considered to have completed the study if all scheduled assessments at the 6 month visit had been performed, or the primary efficacy endpoint (GU confirmed by endoscopy) had been reached prior to 6 months.

Clinical laboratory safety testing, measurement of vital signs, and endoscopy were performed at the Screening Visit and each Follow-up Visit. In addition, subjects had assessments for dyspepsia and related gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms using the Severity of Dyspepsia Assessment (SODA) instrument and heartburn symptoms at baseline (the day of randomization) and each post-baseline visit. Subjects who completed 6 months of therapy, discontinued due to GU, or discontinued prematurely returned for a Final Visit for endoscopy (excluding subjects with GU or DU), SODA and Overall Treatment for Dyspepsia (OTE-DP) questionnaires and heartburn assessments.

Number of Subjects (Planned and Analyzed):

Study A: 438 subjects were randomized, 434 subjects were treated, and 333 subjects completed the study. The data from 434 subjects was analyzed for efficacy.

Study B: 423 subjects were randomized, 420 subjects were treated, and 304 subjects completed the study. The data from 420 subjects was analyzed for efficacy.

Demographics ITT Population: Study A:

Approximately 69% were female and 84% were white. The mean age was approximately 61 years, with about half of the subjects in both treatment groups being 50-59 years of age and >60 years of age; a small percentage of the subjects (<3%) were <50 years of age. The majority (>85%) were non-smokers. There were no relevant differences in demographic characteristics between treatments. The 2 treatment groups were also similar with regard to baseline characteristics of ulcer history and NSAID use. Approximately 7% of the PN400 treatment group and 6% of the EC-naproxen group reported an ulcer within the last 5 years. Approximately 24% of PN400 subjects and 24% of EC-naproxen subjects were using LDA at randomization. OA was the most frequently reported reason for NSAID use. There were small differences in distribution of underlying etiologies between the two treatment groups. Most of the “other” indications for NSAID use were back pain, chronic back pain, low back pain (in 49 subjects). Of the LDA users, 89% in PN400 and 78% in EC-Naproxen treatment groups took an 81 mg dosage and 8% in PN400 and 20% in EC-Naproxen treatment groups took a 325 mg dosage.

Study B:

Approximately ⅔ were female and 89% were white. The mean age was approximately 60 years, with about half of the subjects in both treatment groups being 50-59 years of age and half being ≧60 years of age; a small percentage of the subjects (approximately 3%) was <50 years of age. The majority (approximately 82%) were non-smokers. There were no relevant differences in demographic characteristics between treatments. The 2 treatment groups were similar with regard to most baseline characteristics. Approximately 22% of PN400 subjects and 24% of EC-naproxen subjects were using LDA at randomization. Approximately 9% of the PN400 treatment group and 11% of the EC-naproxen group reported an ulcer within the last 5 years. OA was the most frequently reported reason for NSAID use. There were small differences in distribution of underlying etiologies between the two treatment groups. Most of the “other” indications for NSAID use were back pain, chronic back pain, or low back pain (in 42 subjects). Of the LDA users, 80% in PN400 and 77% in EC-Naproxen treatment groups took an 81 mg dosage and 17% in PN400 and 20% in EC-Naproxen treatment groups took a 325 mg dosage.

Diagnosis and Main Criteria for Inclusion:

Subjects were males or non-pregnant, non-breastfeeding females at least 18 years of age with a medical condition expected to require daily NSAID therapy for at least 6 months, and, if less than 50 years old, with a documented history of GU or DU within the past 5 years. Eligible subjects were Helicobacter pylori-negative and did not have a GU or DU at Baseline.

Test Product, Dose, and Mode of Administration:

PN400 tablets were manufactured by Patheon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Cincinnati, Ohio) and contain EC-naproxen 500 mg and IR esomeprazole 20 mg (present as 22.3 mg esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate salt) given orally bid.

Reference Therapy, Dose, and Mode of Administration:

EC-naproxen 500 mg tablet (manufactured by Patheon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio) given orally bid.

Visit Windows:

Visit windows used for determining the month of observed gastric or duodenal ulcer for efficacy analysis were as follows: (1) the 1 month visit included a planned visit day at 30±6 days (visit window based on actual study day was 1-36 days); (2) the 3 months visit included a planned visit day at 90±12 days (visit window based on actual study day was 37-108 days); and (3) the 6 months visit included a planned visit day at 180±12 days (visit window based on actual study day was ≧109 days). The study windows were used to determine the month of observation throughout the 6-month treatment period.

Objectives: Primary:

To demonstrate that PN400 is effective in reducing the risk of GUs in subjects at risk for developing NSAID-associated GUs.

Secondary:

-   (1) To determine if PN400 is effective in reducing the risk of DUs     in subjects at risk for developing NSAID-associated ulcers. -   (2) To compare UGI symptoms in subjects treated with PN400 versus     EC-naproxen as measured by scores on SODA instrument and the OTE-DP. -   (3) To compare heartburn symptoms in subjects treated with PN400     versus EC-naproxen. -   (4) To evaluate the safety and tolerability of PN400 versus     EC-naproxen.

Other:

To assess the effect of concomitant use of LDA (<325 mg) on the incidence of GDUs within each treatment group.

Criteria for Evaluation: Efficacy:

Efficacy was assessed by gastroduodenal endoscopy at Screening and at 1, 3 and 6 months visits and by Patient Reported Outcomes (PRO) questionnaires throughout the study.

Safety:

Safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events (AEs), serious AEs (SAES), clinical laboratory evaluations, vital signs, and physical examinations.

Statistical Methods:

All statistical analyses and data listings were completed using the SAS® system, version 9.1 or higher. Unless otherwise specified, all statistical tests were 2-sided, and statistical significance was tested at the 5% level.

Analysis Populations:

The following analysis populations were used:

-   Intent-to-Treat (ITT) Population: All randomized subjects who     received at least 1 dose of study drug and had no ulcer detected by     endoscopy at the Screening Visit. -   Per-Protocol (PP) Population: All subjects in the ITT population who     did not violate the protocol in any major way that would have     impacted the evaluation of efficacy and had at least 70% overall     treatment compliance. Subjects excluded from the PP population were     identified prior to unblinding of the treatment code, and the reason     for exclusion was documented. -   Safety Population: All randomized subjects who received at least 1     dose of study drug.

Sample Size:

The sample size of 200 subjects per treatment group per Study A and Study B was based on the assumption that 15% of subjects treated with EC-naproxen would have a GU over the 6 months study duration compared to 5% of subjects treated with PN400. The computation used a Fisher's exact test, with a 2-sided significance level of 5% and 90% power to detect the difference between EC-naproxen and PN400.

Efficacy and Tolerability:

The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of subjects developing GUs throughout 6 months of study treatment. The observed cumulative incidence of GUs at 1, 3 and 6 months was summarized with its associated 95% confidence interval (CI) for each treatment group. Treatment groups were compared using a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) test stratified by use of LDA(Yes/No) at randomization.

In addition, the proportion of subjects developing GUs was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Time to GU was calculated from the first day of study drug dispensed to the date of confirmed GU or was censored at the 6-month endoscopic assessment date or at the last assessment date if no GU developed. The Kaplan-Meier estimate and corresponding 95% CI for regrouped by-month data were calculated by treatment group at 1, 3, and 6 months. Kaplan-Meier time-to-event curves for the cumulative proportion of subjects developing GUs were plotted by treatment group. A log-rank test stratified by use of LDA (Yes/No) at randomization was used to test the difference between treatment groups in the survival curves.

The estimated and observed proportions of subjects developing GDUs throughout 6 months of treatment with LDA use (Yes/No) at randomization were summarized between treatment groups and within each treatment group in a similar fashion to the primary efficacy endpoint. To obtain an adequate power to assess the effect of LDA use between treatment groups, the statistical inference test was performed using the pooled data from Study A and Study B.

Concomitant medications were tabulated by therapeutic drug class and generic drug name using the World Health Organization Drug classification (March, 2007). The percentage of subjects who took acetaminophen and/or liquid antacid was tabulated for each treatment. The treatment difference in liquid antacid and acetaminophen use was analyzed using a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) test adjusting for use of LDA (Yes/No) at randomization. The total tablets/ounces taken per subject and average tablets/ounces taken per subject were summarized for each medication by treatment group.

The exposure to study drug was evaluated by days on study drug, total number of doses taken per subject and average doses taken per month for each subject and summarized using descriptive statistics. The duration of study drug exposure was also categorized as ≦1 month (days≦36), 1-3 months (36<days≦108), and 3-6 months (days>108) and tabulated by treatment group.

Treatment compliance for each visit per subject was defined as the percentage of total number of doses taken out of the scheduled number of doses between visits when the subject was in the study. Treatment compliance over the entire duration of study drug per subject was defined as the total number of doses taken out of the scheduled number of doses during the treatment period. Treatment compliance for each visit and overall was categorized as <50%, 50% to <70%, and ≧70% and summarized by treatment group. The overall treatment compliance was summarized using descriptive statistics.

Key Secondary Efficacy and Tolerability Endpoints Were:

-   1. proportion of subjects with pre-specified NSAID-associated UGI     AEs or DUs; -   2. proportion of subjects discontinuing from the study due to     NSAID-associated UGI AEs or DUs; and -   3. proportion of subjects developing DUs throughout 6 months of     study treatment.

Analyses of these endpoints were in sequential order, and the hierarchical fixed-sequence testing approach was used to adjust for multiple comparisons. These endpoints were tested in the specified sequence with the rule that once a p-value exceeded 0.05, endpoints further down in the sequence were not claimed for statistical significance. Treatment comparisons of the first 2 key secondary (tolerability) endpoints were performed using a CMH test adjusting for low-dose aspirin use (Yes/No) at randomization. Subjects who developed both GUs and DUs were not counted as discontinued due to DUss since subjects developing GUs were considered as completers. The proportion of subjects developing DUs throughout 6 months was analyzed in the same manner as the primary efficacy endpoint.

Non-Key Secondary Efficacy and Tolerability Endpoints Included:

-   proportion of subjects with resolution of symptoms on the heartburn     questionnaire; -   responses on the OTE-DP questionnaire; -   mean change from Baseline on each of the SODA subscales; and -   proportion of subjects discontinuing from the study due to any AE     (including DU).

These were analyzed using a CMH test, modified Wilcoxon rank-sum (Van Elteren) test, ANCOVA, and a CMH test, respectively. In addition, the proportion of subjects developing GUs and/or DUs was analyzed in the same manner as the primary endpoint. All analyses were adjusted for use of LDA at randomization.

Safety:

All AEs were coded into preferred terms according to MedDRA (Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities) and classified by system organ class (SOC). Summaries of the incidence of all treatment-emergent AEs, treatment-related AEs, SAES, and AEs leading to study drug discontinuation were prepared. Treatment-emergent AEs were also summarized by maximum severity and by quartile of number of doses taken.

Vital signs at each visit, ECG at Screening, and physical examination findings at Screening and any unfavorable changes at the Final Visit were summarized by treatment and listed. Clinical laboratory values and change from baseline at each visit were summarized by treatment group using descriptive statistics. Shifts in laboratory values from Baseline to post-baseline (most abnormal value from any post-baseline sample) were tabulated. A separate listing was created of clinically significant laboratory abnormalities.

Results: Overview:

Baseline demographics were similar between Study A and Study B groups. Approximately 82% of patients had OA and 6% had RA. The cumulative observed incidence of GUs over 6 mos was significantly lower in the PN400 groups versus the EC-naproxen groups (P<0.001 for both studies) (See Table 2). Of the 854 subjects in Study A+Study B, 201 were concomitant LDA users; the incidence of GUs in concomitant LDA users was lower in the PN400 group versus the EC-naproxen group [3.0% vs 28.4%, respectively, P<0.001] (See Table 3). Of the 201 concomitant LDA users out of the 854 total subjects in Study A+Study B, the incidence of GDUs in concomitant LDA users was lower in the PN400 group versus the EC-naproxen group [4.0% vs 32.4%, respectively, P<0.001] (See Table 4). The incidence of GUs in non-LDA users (n=653) across Study A+Study B subjects (n=854) was lower in the PN400 group versus the EC-naproxen group [6.4% vs 22.2%, P<0.001] (See Table 5). A pooled analysis of Study A and Study B demonstrated PN400 was associated with a significantly lower incidence of GU versus EC-naproxen regardless of age. (See Table 6). The relative risk reduction (RRR) for GUs in patients treated with PN400 was 64.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 39.0, 79.8) in patients aged 50-59 yrs and 89.2% (95% CI 75.6, 95.3) in patients aged ≧60 yrs.

While the overall incidence of adverse events (AEs), treatment-related AEs, and SAEs was similar among treatment groups, pre-specified UGI AEs, including dyspepsia (See Table 9 for list of UGI AEs), occurred less frequently in the PN400 group. Indeed, patients treated with PN400 reported significantly improved SODA scores in all 3 patient domains after 6 months of treatment with PN400 versus EC-naproxen (See Table 8). For example, on the pain intensity domain of SODA questionnaire, PN400 patients showed significantly more improvement than EC-naproxen patients as early as the 1-month visit. The difference in LS means increased at each subsequent visit, with LS mean pain scores at 6-month (with last observation carried forward) in Study A of −5.51 in PN400 group and −0.15 points in EC-naproxen group (p<0.001) and in Study B of −2.64 in PN400 group and 0.09 points in EC-naproxen group (p=0.004). In the case of SODA pain intensity and non-pain intensity, a negative value for LS mean change implies improvement. In the case of SODA satisfaction, a positive value for LS mean change implies improvement.

PN400 was also associated with significantly higher rates of heartburn resolution and greater response in the OTE-DP scale for PN400 versus EC-naproxen (See Table 8). In the OTE-DP questionnaire, subjects in the PN400 group showed significantly more improvement than subjects in the EC-naproxen group, with a higher percentage of “better” response and a lower percentage of “worse” response in the PN400 group. Resolution of heartburn at each post-baseline visit was defined as a severity rating of “None” on the heartburn questionnaire. Only subjects with heartburn severity at baseline and post-baseline were included in the analysis. The comparison between treatment groups at each time point was made using a CMH test taking into account baseline severity stratified by LDA use at baseline. Table 10 presents the heartburn resolution by baseline symptom severity and by visit. From an early time point (month 1), PN400 treatment demonstrated a significantly higher resolution rate than EC-naproxen. The difference in heartburn resolution was consistent throughout the study period.

Based on a preliminary assessment of pooled data correlated between OTE-DP and SODA, the changes from baseline in SODA scores for PN400 were clinically relevant. An analysis of tolerability revealed fewer patients discontinued due to pre-specified UGI AEs/DUs in the PN400 group versus EC-naproxen group (Study A: 3.2% PN400 vs 12% EC-Naproxen, p<0.001; Study B: 4.8% PN400 vs 11.0% EC-naproxen, p=0.009) (See Table 7). The discontinuation rate due to any AE (including DU) was significantly lower in the PN400 group versus EC-naproxen group (Study A: 7% PN400 vs 16% EC-naproxen, p=0.004; Study B: 11% PN400 vs 18% EC-naproxen, p=0.029).

PN400 is associated with significantly improved UGI tolerability, as measured by Patient Reported Outcomes (PROs) and discontinuation rates due to NSAID-associated UGI AEs/DUs, compared with EC-naproxen. PN400 may provide a treatment option for at-risk patients to impart longer NSAID utilization patterns when GI intolerability is controlled.

Discussion:

This study demonstrates a clinically meaningful reduction in the occurrence of GUs in subjects taking PN400 versus EC-naproxen throughout 6 months of bid treatment in subjects requiring chronic NSAID treatment and who are at risk for NSAID-associated ulcers. The difference was apparent as early as 1 month into therapy and persisted throughout the study. PN400 treatment also resulted in a significantly lower incidence of DUs than EC-naproxen throughout 6 months of treatment.

Minimization of gastric side effects is of particular importance in chronic NSAID users who also take LDA for cardiovascular prophylaxis. The study results show that the benefit of PN400 over EC-naproxen was maintained in subjects who also took LDA.

PN400 was also better tolerated than EC-naproxen as demonstrated by decreased incidence of pre-specified NSAID associated UGI AEs, increased proportion of heartburn resolution, fewer discontinuations due to UGI AEs or DUs, improvement in patient reported outcomes as measured by SODA and OTE-DP.

PN400 was generally safe and well-tolerated. Overall AE rates were similar between the treatment groups. GI AE rates were lower among PN400 treated subjects compared to EC-naproxen treated subjects. This difference was primarily due to the difference in UGI AEs. While the mean duration of treatment for PN400 was longer than for EC-naproxen, the incidence of AEs did not increase with increased duration of exposure. An improved safety and tolerability profile of PN400 was also demonstrated by a higher proportion of subjects on PN400 (71%) completing 6 months of treatment without developing: (i) a GU or DU than subjects on EC-naproxen (42%), or (ii) a GU than subjects on EC-naproxen (48%).

Based on the results of this study, PN400 significantly reduced the incidence of both GUs and/or DUs and provided a better UGI safety profile than EC-naproxen. As such, PN400 appears to be a safe and well-tolerated treatment option for subjects at risk for NSAID-associated GUs and/or DUs.

SUMMARY

The results of these studies demonstrated that bid treatment with PN400 compared to EC-naproxen alone throughout 6 months in subjects at risk for NSAID-associated ulcers resulted in the following:

-   The cumulative observed incidence of gastric ulcers throughout 1, 3     and 6 months was lower with PN 400 compared to EC-naproxen alone; -   A significantly lower proportion of subjects with NSAID-associated     GU(s) in subjects with and without concomitant LDA; -   A significantly lower proportion of subjects with at least one     pre-specified NSAID-associated UGI AE or DU; -   A significantly lower proportion of subjects discontinuing due to     any pre-specified NSAID-associated UGI AE or DU; -   A significantly lower proportion of subjects with NSAID-associated     DUs; -   A trend of a lower proportion of subjects with GUs regardless of LDA     use, ulcer history, age <60 and ≧60 years, gender, race or     ethnicity; -   A significantly higher proportion of subjects with heartburn     resolution; -   A significantly better overall treatment effect on dyspepsia as     measured by OTE-DP; -   Significantly improved dyspepsia symptoms as measured by SODA     domains of pain, non-pain symptoms and subject satisfaction; and -   A significantly lower proportion of subjects discontinuing treatment     due to an AE or DU.

TABLE 2 Cumulative Observed Data at 1, 3 and 6 Months in ITT Population GUs DUs UGI AEs and/or DUs No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) (95% CI) p-value¹ (95% CI) p-value¹ (95% CI) p-value¹ Study A PN400 3 (1.4) <0.001 1 (0.5) 0.010 0-1 month (n = 218) (0.3-4.0) (0.0-2.5) EC-naproxen 28 (13.0) 9 (4.2) (n = 216)  (8.8-18.2) (1.9-7.8) Study A PN400 4 (1.8) <0.001 1 (0.5) 0.003 0-3 months (n = 218) (0.5-4.6) (0.0-2.5) EC-naproxen 42 (19.4) 11 (5.1)  (n = 216) (14.4-25.4) (2.6-8.9) Study A PN400 9 (4.1) <0.001 1 (0.5) 0.003 114 (52.3) <0.001 0-6 months (n = 218) (1.9-7.7) (0.0-2.5) (45.4-59.1) EC-naproxen 50 (23.1) 11 (5.1)  149 (69)   (n = 216) (17.7-29.4) (2.6-8.9) (62.4-75.1) Study B PN400 4 (1.9) <0.001 2 (1.0) 0.168 0-1 months (n = 210) (0.5-4.8) (0.1-3.4) EC-naproxen 21 (10.0) 6 (2.9) (n = 210)  (6.3-14.9) (1.1-6.1) Study B PN400 10 (4.8)  <0.001 2 (1.0) 0.013 0-3 months (n = 210) (2.3-8.6) (0.1-3.4) EC-naproxen 37 (17.6) 11 (5.2)  (n = 210) (12.7-23.5) (2.6-9.2) Study B PN400 15 (7.1)  <0.001 2 (1.0) 0.007 114 (54.3) <0.001 0-6 months (n = 210)  (4.1-11.5) (0.1-3.4) (47.3-61.2) EC-naproxen 51 (24.3) 12 (5.7)  151 (71.9) (n = 210) (18.6-30.7) (3.0-9.8) (65.3-77.9) Study A + PN400 24 (5.6)  — 3(0.7) <0.001 228 (53.3) <0.001 Study B (n = 428) (3.6-8.2) (0.1-2.0) (48.4-58.1) 0-6 months EC-naproxen 101 (23.7)  23 (5.4)  300 (70.4) (n = 426) (19.7-28)   (3.5-8.0) (65.8-74.7) ¹p-Value for ulcer occurrence is from a CMH test stratified by low-dose aspirin use, at randomization.

TABLE 3 Cumulative Observed Incidence of GUs for LDA Users at 1, 3 and 6 Months in ITT Population GUs No. (%) (95% CI) p-value Study A PN400 0 — 0-1 month (n = 53) (0.0-6.7) EC-naproxen  6 (11.8) (n = 51)  (4.4-23.9) Study A PN400 0 — 0-3 months (n = 53) (0.0-6.7) EC-naproxen 10 (19.6) (n = 51)  (9.8-33.1) Study A PN400 1 (1.9) — 0-6 months (n = 53)  (0.0-10.1) EC-naproxen 12 (23.5) (n = 51) (12.8-37.5) Study B PN400 0 — 0-1 month (n = 46) (0.0-7.7) EC-naproxen 10 (19.6) (n = 51)  (9.8-33.1) Study B PN400 0 — 0-3 months (n = 46) (0.0-7.7) EC-naproxen 14 (27.5) (n = 51) (15.9-41.7) Study B PN400 2 (4.3) — 0-6 months (n = 46)  (0.5-14.8) EC-naproxen 17 (33.3) (n = 51) (20.8-47.9) Study A + PN400 3 (3.0) P < 0.001 Study B (n = 99) (0.6-8.6) 0-6 months EC-naproxen 29 (28.4)  (n = 102) (19.9-38.2)

TABLE 4 Cumulative Observed Incidence of GDUs for LDA Users at 6 Months in ITT Population GUs No. (%) (95% CI) p-value Study A PN400 1 (1.9) — (n = 53)  (0.0-10.1) EC-naproxen 14 (27.5) (n = 51) (15.9-41.7) Study A PN400 3 (6.5) — (n = 46)  (1.4-17.9) EC-naproxen 19 (37.3) (n = 51) (24.1-51.9) Study A + Study B PN400 4 (4.0) P < 0.001 (n = 99)  (1.1-10.1) EC-naproxen 33 (32.4)  (n = 102) (23.4-42.3)

TABLE 5 Incidence of GUs for Non-LDA Users at 1, 3 and 6 Months in ITT Population GUs No. (%) (95% CI) p-value Study A PN400 3 (1.8) — 0-1 month (n = 165) (0.4-5.2) EC-naproxen 22 (13.3) (n = 165)  (8.5-19.5) Study A PN400 4 (2.4) — 0-3 months (n = 165) (0.7-6.1) EC-naproxen 32 (19.4) (n = 165) (13.7-26.3) Study A PN400 8 (4.8) — 0-6 months (n = 165) (2.1-9.3) EC-naproxen 38 (23.0) (n = 165) (16.8-30.2) Study B PN400 4 (2.4) — 0-1 month (n = 164) (0.7-6.1) EC-naproxen 11 (6.9)  (n = 159)  (3.5-12.0) Study B PN400 10 (6.1)  — 0-3 months (n = 164)  (3.0-10.9) EC-naproxen 23 (14.5) (n = 159)  (9.4-20.9) Study B PN400 13 (7.9)  — 0-6 months (n = 164)  (4.3-13.2) EC-naproxen 34 (21.4) (n = 159) (15.3-28.6) Study A + PN400 21 (6.4)  <0.001 Study B (n = 329) (4.0-9.6) 0-6 months EC-naproxen 72 (22.2) (n = 324) (17.8-27.7)

TABLE 6 Pooled Cumulative Incidence of GUs in Patients Aged <60 or ≧60 yrs Incidence of GUs, n (%)* RRR Age (yrs) PN400 EC-naproxen (95% CI) p <60 18/216 (8.3) 46/217 (21.2) 60.7% <0.001 (34.4, 76.4) 50-59 15/202 (7.4) 44/208 (21.2) 64.9% <0.001 (39.0, 79.8) ≧60  6/212 (2.8) 55/209 (26.3) 89.2% <0.001 (75.6, 95.3) 60-69  6/157 (3.8) 40/142 (28.2) 86.4% <0.001 (69.0, 94.1) ≧70  0/55 (0.0)  15/67 (22.4)  100% <0.001 *Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test comparing GU rate

TABLE 7 Subjects Discontinuing from Study Due to Any Pre-Specified NSAID-Associated UGI AE or DU in ITT Population UGI AE and/or DU that led to discontinuation No. (%) (95% CI) p-value Study A PN400 7 (3.2) <0.001 (n = 218) (1.3-6.5) EC-naproxen 26 (12)   (n = 216)  (8.0-17.1) Study B PN400 10 (4.8)  0.009 (n = 210) (2.3-8.6) EC-naproxen 25 (11.9) (n = 210)  (7.9-17.1) Study A + Study B PN400 17 (4.0)  <0.001 (n = 428) (2.3-6.3) EC-naproxen 51 (12.0) (n = 426)  (9.0-15.4)

TABLE 8 SODA, OTE-DP, And Heartburn Data After 6 mo of Treatment With PN400 vs. EC-naproxen Study A Study B PN400 EC-naproxen PN400 EC-naproxen Secondary end points (n = 218) (n = 216) p-value (n = 218) (n = 216) p-value SODA pain intensity, −5.51 −0.15 <0.001 −2.64 0.09 0.004 change from baseline SODA non-pain −2.16 −0.47 <0.001 −1.11 0.11 <0.001 symptoms, change from baseline SODA satisfaction 3.35 0.87 <0.001 1.88 0.47 0.003 domain, change from baseline OTE-DP, improvement  93/204 52/187 <0.001  79/184 63/183 0.017 since start of treatment (45.6) (27.8) (42.9) (34.4) n (%) Resolution of 140/177 65/115 <0.001 102/141 62/121 <0.001 heartburn, n (%) (79.1) (56.5) (72.3) (51.2) PN400 EC-naproxen Secondary end points (n = 428) (n = 426) p-value SODA pain intensity, −4.14 −0.06 <0.001 change from baseline SODA non-pain −1.65 −0.19 <0.001 symptoms, change from baseline SODA satisfaction 2.65 0.69 <0.001 domain, change from baseline OTE-DP, improvement 172/388 115/370 <0.001 since start of treatment (44.3) (31.1) n (%) Resolution of 242/318 127/236 <0.001 heartburn, n (%) (76.1) (53.8)

TABLE 9 List of Pre-Specified NSAID-Associated UGI AEs Preferred Term Gastritis Gastrointestinal erosion Abdominal tenderness Erosive gastritis Esophageal hemorrhage Abdominal discomfort Esophagitis Gastric hemorrhage Abdominal pain Duodenitis Duodenal hemorrhage Esophageal discomfort Esophageal stenosis Gastric mucosal lesion Esophageal disorder Esophageal ulcer Duodenal scarring Gastroesophageal reflux disease Reflux esophagitis Gastritis hemorrhagic Stomach discomfort Erosive duodenitis Gastrointestinal mucosal disorder Vomiting Erosive esophagitis Abdominal pain, upper Gastroesophagitis Hyperchlorhydria Dyspepsia Epigastric discomfort Gastrointestinal hemorrhage Nausea Duodenal ulcer hemorrhage Varices esophageal Duodenitis hemorrhagic —

TABLE 10 Resolution of Heartburn by Baseline Severity and Visit in ITT Population Study A Study B Baseline PN400 NAP p- PN400 NAP p- Month Severity N (%) N (%) value N (%) N (%) value 1 None  65/78 (83%)  58/94 (62%) <0.001  67/88 (76%)  67/91 (74%)   0.003 Mild  37/62 (60%)  11/57 (19%)  25/49 (51%)  18/58 (31%) Moderate  16/38 (42%)  7/37 (19%)  17/34 (50%)  3/30 (10%) Severe   9/17 (53%)   1/5 (20%)   3/9 (33%)   1/5 (20%) Total 127/195 (65.1%) 77/193 (39.9%) 112/180 (62.2%) 89/184 (48.4%) 3 None  72/80 (90%)  50/75 (67%) <0.001  70/85 (82%)  52/76 (68%) <0.001 Mild  43/62 (69%)  11/41 (27%)  22/48 (46%)  11/43 (26%) Moderate  16/37 (43%)  7/28 (25%)  18/28 (64%)  6/29 (21%) Severe  13/18 (72%)   1/5 (20%)   5/7 (71%)   1/3 (33%) Total 144/197 (73.1%) 69/149 (46.3%) 115/168 (68.5%) 70/151 (46.4%) 6 None  66/71 (93%)  44/59 (75%) <0.001  60/68 (88%)  43/58 (74%) <0.001 Mild  43/60 (72%)  14/31 (45%)  19/40 (48%)  13/39 (33%) Moderate  19/31 (61%)  7/21 (33%)  21/28 (75%)  4/21 (19%) Severe  12/15 (80%)   0/4 (0%)   2/5 (40%)   2/3 (67%) Total 140/177 (79.1%) 65/115 (56%) 102/141 (72.3%) 62/121 (51.2%)

Severity of Dyspepsia Assessment (SODA) Instrument:

The SODA instrument was completed at Baseline and at each subsequent study visit. The questionnaire is a self-administered, multi-dimensional measure of dyspepsia-related health. Dyspepsia and related GI symptoms, including burping/belching, heartburn, bloating, passing gas, sour taste, nausea and bad breath, are commonly reported by patients taking NSAIDs and significantly impact treatment effectiveness, cost and quality of life. To capture dyspepsia and related GI symptoms, the SODA instrument was developed and validated for use in NSAID patients. Concepts measured within the 3 scales that comprise the SODA instrument are dyspepsia pain intensity, non-pain symptoms, and satisfaction with dyspepsia-related health.

The SODA contains 17 questions and can be completed in 5 minutes. It uses a 7-day recall period for questions in the pain intensity and non-pain symptoms domains. The questions are phrased as, “during the past 7 days, on average . . . ” or, “during the past 7 days, how intense was your worst . . . ”. The satisfaction domain questions are phrased to ask respondents about how satisfied or dissatisfied they are about their “present level” of abdominal discomfort.

SODA scores at Baseline and each post-baseline visit and change from Baseline for the 3 subscales (pain intensity, non-pain symptom, and satisfaction) were tabulated by treatment group at 1, 3 and 6 months using descriptive statistics. The mean change from Baseline at each timepoint was compared between treatment groups using an ANCOVA model with treatment and LDA use (Yes/No) at randomization as main effects, and baseline score as a covariate. The least squares mean (LSM) for each treatment group and the difference of LSMs between treatment groups along with the 95% CIs were calculated. Only subjects with both baseline and post-baseline scores were included in the ANCOVA. For the last assessment date for SODA more than 10 days after the last dosing date of study drug, the SODA scores were excluded from the analysis of each subscale. The last-observation-carried-forward imputation approach was used.

Heartburn Assessment:

At Baseline and 1, 3 and 6 months during the treatment period subjects were asked the following question regarding heartburn symptoms within the 7 days prior to the visit:

Over the last 7 days, please rate your heartburn symptoms as

-   None: no symptoms -   Mild: awareness of symptom, but easily tolerated -   Moderate: discomforting symptom sufficient to cause interference     with normal activities (including sleep) -   Severe: incapacitating symptom, with inability to perform normal     activities (including sleep)

Heartburn was defined as a burning feeling rising from the stomach or lower part of the chest towards the neck.

Heartburn resolution at each post-baseline visit was defined as a response of “none” for the heartburn severity question. The proportion of subjects with heartburn resolution was tabulated by baseline severity and treatment group at 1, 3, and 6 months. Treatment groups were compared using a CMH test stratified by baseline heartburn severity and LDA use (Yes/No) at randomization. If the number of subjects in a cell of cross-strata was too small, only the Baseline heartburn was stratified in the CMH test. Subjects with both Baseline and post-baseline responses were included in this analysis. For the last assessment date of heartburn more than 10 days after the last dosing date of study drug, the heartburn severity was excluded from the analysis of this endpoint.

Overall Treatment for Dyspepsia (OTE-DP):

The OTE-DP has been developed based on, and is considered a derivative work of, the Global Ratings of Change Questionnaire, which was originally developed at McMaster University. It consists of the question: “Since treatment started, has there been any change in your upper abdominal pain and/or discomfort?” Responses may be rated as “Better”, “the Same”, or “Worse”. Follow-up questions are asked if the response is anything other than “the Same”.

The OTE-DP takes approximately 2 minutes to complete and was administered at the time of the final SODA administration. Any subject who had an ulcer confirmed by endoscopy at Visits 4 or 5 could complete the assessment by phone with study staff within 48 hours following the visit. All subjects completing the 6-month visit were to complete the OTE-DP with all other assessments prior to the final endoscopy.

The percentage of subjects with each of the 3 possible responses (“Better”, “Same”, “Worse”) on the OTE-DP questionnaire, along with the follow-up response on the “Better” and “Worse” rating, was tabulated by treatment group. The difference between treatment groups in the distribution of responses was analyzed using a modified Wilcoxon rank-sum (Van Elteren) test, stratified by LDA use (Yes/No) at randomization. 

1-61. (canceled)
 62. A method of treating a disease or disorder in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to the patient an NSAID and a proton pump inhibitor concomitant with administration of low dose aspirin, wherein the NSAID and proton pump inhibitor comprise a unit dosage form that provides: a) 20 mg of esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a form and route sufficient to raise the gastric pH of the patient to at least 3.5 upon administration of one or more of the dosage forms, b) 500 mg of naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; c) a coordinated release of the esomeprazole and the naproxen, and d) release of at least a portion of the esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, independent of the pH of the surrounding medium; wherein concomitant administration of the dosage form and low dose aspirin reduces the incidence of NSAID-associated gastric ulcers in the patient relative to administration of the dosage form without concomitant administration of low dose aspirin.
 63. The method of claim 62, wherein the dosage form releases less than 10% of the naproxen or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof after 2 hours when tested using the USP Paddle Method in 1000 ml of 0.1N HCl at 75 rpm at 37° C. and ±0.5° C.
 64. The method of claim 62, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from inflammation and pain.
 65. The method of claim 62, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and a combination thereof.
 66. The method of claim 62, wherein the low dose aspirin comprises no more than 325 mg aspirin.
 67. The method of claim 62, wherein the dosage form is administered once a day.
 68. The method of claim 62, wherein the dosage form is administered twice a day.
 69. The method of claim 62, wherein the dosage form is at least about 95% free of sodium bicarbonate.
 70. The method of claim 62, wherein the dosage form begins to release the naproxen, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, when the pH of the surrounding medium is at about 4.5 or greater.
 71. The method of claim 62, wherein the dosage form begins to release the naproxen, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, when the pH of the surrounding medium is at about 4.0 or greater.
 72. The method of claim 62, wherein administration of the dosage form is more effective at reducing the incidence of NSAID-associated gastric ulcer than treatment with enteric coated naproxen or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 73. The method of claim 62, wherein the dosage form is administered to the patient daily for at least about a month.
 74. The method of claim 62, wherein the dosage form is administered to the patient daily for at least about three months.
 75. The method according to claim 62, wherein the pharmaceutical composition in dosage form is administered to the patient daily for at least about 6 months.
 76. A method of treating a disease or disorder in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to the patient an NSAID and a proton pump inhibitor concomitant with administration of low dose aspirin. wherein the NSAID and proton pump inhibitor comprise a unit dosage form in the form of a tablet that provides: a) 20 mg of esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a form and route sufficient to raise the gastric pH of the patient to at least 3.5 upon administration of one or more of the dosage forms, b) 500 mg of naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; c) release of at least a portion of the esomeprazole, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, independent of the pH of the surrounding medium; and d) release of at least a portion of the naproxen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, when the pH of the surrounding medium is at about 3.5 or greater; wherein concomitant administration of the dosage form and low dose aspirin reduces the incidence of NSAID-associated gastric ulcers in the patient relative to administration of the dosage form without concomitant administration of low dose aspirin.
 77. The method of claim 76, wherein the dosage form releases less than 10% of the naproxen or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof after 2 hours when tested using the USP Paddle Method in 1000 ml of 0.1N HCl at 75 rpm at 37° C. and ±0.5° C.
 78. The method of claim 76, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from inflammation and pain.
 79. The method of claim 76, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and a combination thereof.
 80. The method of claim 76, wherein the low dose aspirin comprises no more than 325 mg aspirin.
 81. The method of claim 76, wherein the dosage form is administered once a day.
 82. The method of claim 76, wherein the dosage form is administered twice a day.
 83. The method of claim 76, wherein the dosage form is at least about 95% free of sodium bicarbonate.
 84. The method of claim 76, wherein the dosage form begins to release the naproxen, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, when the pH of the surrounding medium is at about 4.5 or greater.
 85. The method of claim 76, wherein the dosage form begins to release the naproxen, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, when the pH of the surrounding medium is at about 4.0 or greater.
 86. The method of claim 76, wherein administration of the dosage form is more effective at reducing the incidence of NSAID-associated gastric ulcer than treatment with enteric coated naproxen or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 87. The method of claim 76, wherein the dosage form is administered to the patient daily for at least about a month.
 88. The method of claim 76, wherein the dosage form is administered to the patient daily for at least about three months.
 89. The method according to claim 76, wherein the pharmaceutical composition in dosage form is administered to the patient daily for at least about 6 months. 